Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse
by Thomas E. Woods (Regnery, 2009); 194 pages.
Thomas Woodss Meltdown is a truly radical book.
That is to say, it probes to the root of Americas persistent boom-and-bust economic cycles. Not only has the most recent episode, beginning in 2007 with the rapid collapse of inflated housing prices, brought about widespread economic pain as unemployment rises, foreclosures increase, and bankruptcies mount, but it has also brought us to the brink of a sea change in the United States. For decades, the United States has been sliding into the quicksand pit of federal domination of the economy (and also most other facets of life). Now the politicians responsible for the current economic debacle are determined to use it as the leverage they need to force changes that will greatly increase Washingtons grip on the populace. They want to push us past the point of no return.
The country is in such grave danger because few people understand the real causes of our troubles. Overwhelmingly, politicians, opinion leaders, and academicians have pinned the blame for the current crisis on capitalism. They maintain that we can regain prosperity only if the federal government spends money like never before, bails out failing companies, and exerts far more regulatory control over whats left of free enterprise.
Are we doomed? Is it inevitable that the United States will become a thoroughly politicized dystopia with so little freedom left that it would be unrecognizable to people who lived as recently as the middle of the 20th century?
It all depends on the ideas that Americans believe. Most have been taught to accept the pro-state version of events that the free market has failed and we must turn to governmental power for salvation. A few writers, however, have been trying to get across the opposite message. The current economic crisis (and in fact, all of our previous economic crises) is a result of governmental meddling with the economy; the only path to take if we want liberty and prosperity is to undo the governments net of controls, starting with its control over money and credit.
Changing how people think
One of those writers is Thomas E. Woods, a senior fellow at the Ludwig von Mises Institute. In Meltdown, Woods explains the truth: government blundering got us into the current recession and if we allow the politicians to exploit it to increase their power, we will have made a gigantic, perhaps fatal mistake. The book gives the reader an excellent, clear discussion of the causes and consequences of the housing bubble, but goes further to provide a convincing explanation of the Austrian theory of the business cycle. After reading the book, readers will be familiar with the names von Mises and Hayek; they will understand why it is impossible for the government to make a nation wealthy by inflating the supply of money; they will know why we would be much better off if we took control of money and credit entirely out of government hands.
Put it this way: Woods is attempting to get people who have mostly been steeped in Keynesian/socialistic ideas favorable to omnipotent government to renounce those ideas in favor of a vision of the state that would have been congenial to, oh, Patrick Henry.
I dont know whether thats possible, but this is no time for temporizing or advocating measures that are moderate and politically realistic. Woods realizes that we cant fight the socialist juggernaut with mild thats going too far rhetoric. We need strong arguments that enlighten people about the root of our troubles. That is just what Meltdown gives us.
Woods has two main objectives, first to set the record straight regarding the housing bubble and the frantic governmental efforts to deal with its aftereffects, and second to explain what policy changes are necessary to prevent future bubbles. He succeeds admirably in both.
Fearing that they would be blamed for the economic turmoil, leading politicians (including both the Democratic and the Republican presidential candidates in 2008) proclaimed that it was not due to government meddling, but instead had been caused by laissez-faire philosophy and greed. And intellectuals, eager to protect their stake in the alleged benevolence and wisdom of federal economic regulation people such as Paul Krugman leaped up to say that the crisis couldnt be blamed on the government. Woods clears away the fog of self-serving falsehoods, showing that the collapse of the housing market was the entirely predictable result of federal policies for which the politicians and intellectuals were happy to take credit as long as they seemed to be working. He writes, Following a familiar pattern, government failure has been blamed on anyone and everyone but the government itself. And of course, the same government failure is being used to justify further increases in government power.
The home-loan debacle
The first part of the book examines the governments policy blunders, beginning with the very notion of federal housing policy. The Constitution says nothing about housing, but in 1938 Congress and President Roosevelt created the Federal National Mortgage Association, usually called Fannie Mae. They did so because they thought it was a good idea to promote home ownership and figured that establishing a government sponsored entity to buy mortgages from lenders would do that. Of course, there were millions of Americans who owned houses prior to the creation of Fannie. There was no problem that needed to be solved, but the politicians thought it would be a popular move, so they went ahead, never contemplating that getting the government into the home-financing business would one day lead to disaster.
Fannies mortgage-backed securities were sold to investors worldwide, most of whom assumed that the paper was sound, backed by the U.S. government. Woods writes, Everybody knew that if the GSEs [Fannie and its younger sibling, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or Freddie Mac, are known as government-sponsored enterprises GSEs] ran into trouble, they would be bailed out at taxpayer expense. They ran into enormous trouble and were bailed out, but hardly anyone has had the guts to blame these political pets and call for their abolition.
Another of the culprits Woods identifies is the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), which used political leverage to compel banks to make more loans in their communities. This law (again, outside the constitutional authority of Congress but enacted anyway) was a power play to force banks to make loans they would not otherwise choose to, directing capital in ways that please the activists and politicians. Under the Clinton administration, this statute was used to compel banks to meet quotas of home loans to high-risk people. At the same time, Clinton forced Fannie and Freddie to purchase high-risk mortgages. Woods shows, in short, that political pressure was used to undermine the traditionally cautious lending standards in the mortgage industry.
Politicians in both parties took delight in crowing that home ownership was increasing, especially among minority voting groups, without realizing that home ownership is not necessarily good for everyone. For persons with low and unsteady incomes, home ownership can be a costly mistake, as later proved to be the case for millions who had taken out loans they couldnt repay.
The main culprit
By themselves, however, Fannie, Freddie, and the CRA could have done only minor economic damage. Woods identifies the main villain in this drama as the Federal Reserve System. For years, the Fed under long-time chairman Alan Greenspan pumped up the money supply so as to drive interest rates down to artificially low levels. Artificially low interest rates tricked people into acting differently than they otherwise would have. Home ownership and housing construction looked like great investments during the years 2002 to 2006 because of the outpouring of credit from the Fed, steered by politicians toward the housing market. If interest rates had remained at market levels, the housing bubble could not have grown to the enormous size it did.
When the Fed finally stopped its wildly expansionary policy and interest rates began rising, many borrowers found that they couldnt afford to keep the homes they had been lured into buying, and many builders found that projects they had started couldnt be completed because of insufficient demand. Institutions that had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities discovered that their portfolios were nearly worthless. Firms collapsed and the stock market plunged.
Woods makes it clear that the governments desperate moves to shore up unsound investments through bailouts are exactly the wrong policy. All the politicians are doing is taking resources from the healthy sectors of the economy to prop up the unhealthy, thus obstructing the efficient use of resources and rapid recovery from its cheap credit binge. Instead of getting the government out of the mortgage market, repealing the foolish CRA, and abolishing the Federal Reserve, the politicians are taking us further into the interventionist swamp with massive increases in government borrowing, spending, and economic controls.
Who would ever have thought that a consequence of federal interference in the housing market would be that the president of the United States could order the ouster of the CEO of General Motors?!
The business cycle
The latter part of the book is devoted to explaining the Austrian theory of the business cycle so that readers can grasp the key point that government tampering with money and credit always has bad economic results. Woods wants people to understand that the United States (or any other country for that matter) does not need a central bank and has only been harmed by the existence of the Fed.
That point leads Woods into a discussion of alternatives to government-controlled fiat money systems, particularly the gold standard. Statist politicians and economists have worked hard ever since the late 19th century to discredit the idea that an advanced, industrial nation could function with an allegedly antiquated monetary system based on precious metal. Woods demonstrates that the objections to gold (or other market-based monetary systems) are groundless. The objection to our current, governmentally controlled monetary system, however, is gigantic and looms right before our eyes: it leads to massive economic dislocations and enables the government to spend almost limitlessly.
I can think of nothing more important at this moment in history than to get people thinking about the undesirability of allowing the government to continue to control our monetary system. With Meltdown, Woods is trying to steer our attention to that critical issue. Back in the 1990s, Bill Clinton said that we needed a national conversation on race. That was just political hucksterism, but today we badly need a national conversation on money. If enough Americans read this book and come to see how damaging it is for the federal government to run our monetary system, it might be possible to extract the nation from the horrible blunder of the Federal Reserve and economic interventionism. That unjustly maligned laissez-faire philosophy is in truth our only way back to liberty and prosperity.
We are at what educators call a teachable moment. The advocates of omnipotent government are trying to capitalize on the economic crisis they have caused to further expand their power. Advocates of liberty must work harder than ever to convince people that inappropriate government power is not the solution to our economic troubles, but their very cause. That is why you should read Meltdown and then spread its message as widely as possible.
