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Covering the Map of the World — The Half-Century Legacy of the Yalta Conference, Part 4

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As we have seen, Roosevelt approached his meetings with Stalin with a determination to make friends and use the Red Czar of Soviet Russia as his partner in creating a Global New Deal. The nature of the Soviet regime and its master did not bother FDR in the least. In 1940, when Congressman Martin Dies told Roosevelt of his concerns about possible Soviet agents in prominent positions in the federal government, FDR replied: "I do not believe in Communism any more than you do, but there is nothing wrong with the Communists in this country. Several of the best friends I have are Communists." As for the Soviet Union, FDR told Congressman Dies: "I look upon Russia as our strongest ally in the years to come. . . . While I do not believe in Communism, Russia is far better off and the world is safer with Russia under Communism than under the Czars. Stalin is a great leader, ...

The Ghost of Protectionism Past: The Return of Friedrich List

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The cover of the December 1993 issue of The Atlantic Monthly had a caricature of Adam Smith running away while being chased by a rain of rotten apples, stones and copies of a book with the name Friedrich List on their covers. The caption under the drawing said, "Move over Adam Smith. Some of the world's strongest economies run on a different philosophy, and the United States had better take heed." Inside, author James Fallows proceeded to explain "How the World Works." Mr. Fallows argued that the world economy does not work on the basis of the principles of free trade. Rather, all countries, great and small, operate their international economic relationships on the basis of managed trade. And if America is to match its competitors and be a winner in the global game of commerce and exchange, ...

The Causes and Consequences of World War II, Part 1

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When World War II ended in 1945, most of Europe lay in ruins. German cities like Dresden and Hamburg had practically been cremated from day-and-night Allied fire-bombings. Warsaw had been almost leveled to the ground by the Germans. The scorched-earth policies of both the Nazis and the Soviets had left much of European Russia, the Ukraine and the Baltic States almost totally destroyed. The Nazi death camps had consumed not only the lives of six million Jews, but an equivalent number of Poles, Gypsies and other undesirables. Two Japanese cities — Hiroshima and Nagasaki — lay incinerated from atomic blasts. Eight years of war and Japanese occupation in China had uprooted millions of Chinese who had taken refuge in the wild and hostile regions of western China; and tens of thousands had died trying to make their escape. Fifty million lives were consumed by the war. The words of English historian Robert Mackenzie, in describing Europe at the beginning of the 19th ...