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The relation between the fifty states and the national government under the U.S. Constitution is a federal one in which power is divided and shared between the states and the national government.
Or at least it is supposed to be a federal relationship.
James Madison succinctly explained this simple federal system of government in Federalist No. 45:
The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the Federal Government, are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State Governments are numerous and indefinite. The former will be exercised principally on external objects, as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce; with which last the power of taxation will, for the most part be connected. The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all the objects, which, in the ordinary course of affairs, concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people; and the internal order, improvement, and prosperity of the State.
In contrast, the relationship between the states and their ...